How Do Israel And Iran's Militaries Compare?

The weekend conflagration between Israel and Iran has once again left the Middle East region on the brink of a major war, with Israeli allies and enemies alike poised for fresh retaliation after Tehran's drone and missile bombardment.

Iran's mission to the United Nations said that "the matter can be deemed concluded" after attacks on Saturday night and the early hours of Sunday morning, which saw around 170 drones, more than 30 cruise missiles and more than 120 ballistic missiles fired at Israel, the Israel Defense Forces said. The vast majority were shot down, the IDF reported.

President Joe Biden is reportedly urging Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to "take the win," the Iranian attack seemingly representing a relatively ineffective but necessary response to Israel's assassination of a top Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) commander in Syria earlier this month.

Israeli wartime Cabinet member and long-time opposition leader Benny Gantz said on Sunday that Israel intends to "build a regional coalition and exact a price from Iran, in a way and at a time that suits us."

Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lior Haiat told Newsweek: "The Iranian attack shows the real face of the terror regime of Iran."

Israel and Iran have been in a "shadow war" for several decades, waged through covert operations, regional proxy forces, long-range strikes, and cyber operations, all conducted both inside Iran and Israel. The battle has also been fought in the territory of neighboring nations like Lebanon, Syria, and the Palestinian territories. Any escalation of the war is likely to follow this formula, rather than a direct and sustained conventional clash.

Israel maintains a standing army of around 170,000 active personnel and 465,000 reservists, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies' 2024 Military Balance report.

The IDF is considered highly trained, well equipped, and experienced. Military service is compulsory for most Israeli adults after the age of 18, with men expected to serve for 36 months and women for 24 months.

Iran has a much larger population, which is reflected in its standing regular military strength of some 420,000 personnel, with another 350,000 reservists. The powerful IRGC is estimated to have between 150,000 to 200,000 active personnel.

Israel's air force has been key in its long confrontation with Iran. Israeli jets have been routinely used to strike Iranian-linked targets in Syria and Lebanon, including IRGC facilities and personnel. Israeli aircraft were also active in the collective defense against Iran's weekend attack, tracking and shooting down drones and missiles.

Israel's air force is considered among the world's most potent. It has around 310 combat capable fighter and ground attack planes, including 75 F-15s, 196 F-16s, and 39 F-35s, according to the IISS. The air force also has 46 Apache attack helicopters and a wide range of surveillance and attack drones.

Iran's air force is far less sophisticated. It is an aging fleet hamstrung by long-imposed international sanctions and weapons embargoes. Tehran's air arm is made up of outdated U.S.-made aircraft such as 10 F-14s and 55 F-4s. More recently, Iran has turned to Russia to outfit its air force, and currently has 35 MiG-29s in service, with a new deal to acquire Su-35 fighters agreed last year.

Iran has also developed domestically produced fighter jets like the HESA Saeqeh and Azarakhsh, though these are not considered to be capable of competing with foreign-made platforms.

Iran's formidable drone arsenal is perhaps more relevant in any future conflict than its air force. The infamous Shahed drone platform and its variants—for example—have been used to great effect in Yemen and in Ukraine and were central to Tehran's weekend strike.

Israel and Iran possess significant missile stockpiles, giving both nations the ability to strike each other's territory directly.

Israel has the short-range Jericho 2 ballistic missile with a range of up to 930 miles, encompassing much of the Middle East and parts of Iran. Its Jericho 3 missile has a range of up to 3,000 miles. Shorter-range cruise missiles include the Lora, Delilah, and Gabriel platforms.

Missiles are key to Iran's deterrence and power projection, Tehran's decades of investment earning it "the largest and most diverse missile arsenal in the Middle East," according to the CSIS Missile Defense Project.

Its longest-range platforms are the Sejjil, Ghadr and Khorramshahr ballistic missiles, all of which can reach targets out to around 1,240 miles, including all of Israel. Other missiles include the Emad (range over 1,000 miles) and Shahab-3 (range over 800 miles), as well as several other shorter range cruise missiles.

The prominent role expected by aircraft, drones, and missiles makes air defense all the more important for both nations. Israel—with the help of its allies—demonstrated the capabilities of its anti-air umbrella this weekend, using systems including David's Sling, Iron Dome, and Arrow to down incoming Iranian projectiles. Israel also still has the U.S.-made MIM-104 Patriot.

Iran's most established anti-air defense system is the Russian-made S-300, which is relatively outdated compared with what Israel possesses. Tehran also has the domestically produced Bavar-373 surface-to-air missile platform, as well as the Arman and Azarakhsh defense systems unveiled earlier this year.

At sea, Israel maintains a small but advanced navy, primarily used to defend its coastline and support land and air operations. Its navy includes five submarines, including three Dolphin-class vessels capable of launching nuclear-armed ballistic missiles. Israel also has at least three corvettes, eight missile boats and 45 patrol boats.

Iran's navy is larger and designed in part to control and potentially shut down strategic maritime bottlenecks like the Strait of Hormuz. Iran has more than 30 submarines, five frigates, three corvettes and more than 200 patrol craft.

Beyond the conventional realm, both Israel and Iran have fearsome covert, proxy and cyber capabilities, often used in their simmering confrontation. Israel's Mossad spy agency—for example—has been accused by Tehran of a series of assassinations inside Iran, including of prominent scientists working on the country's nuclear program.

Mossad was also involved in the landmark Stuxnet cyber-attack, when Israel and the U.S. used it to target Iranian nuclear facilities in what is generally considered the first major cyber warfare operation.

Iran's Quds force—which operates under the IRGC umbrella and is responsible for Tehran's activities worldwide—poses a constant threat to Israeli and allied interests in the Middle East and beyond. The Quds force has been linked to multiple attacks on Israel carried out by partner forces like Hezbollah and Hamas and has fired on Israeli positions from inside Syria.